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2002; 9: 35 – 53. 10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35 26 Corrigan, PW Watson, AC Factors that explain how policy makers distribute resources to mental health services. Svein Eikeseth, Tristram Smith, Erik Jahr, Sigmund Eldevik, Intensive Behavioral Treatment at School for 4- to 7-Year-Old Children with Autism, Behavior Modification, 10.1104, 26, 1, (49-68), (2016).

Mental illnesses, also known as psychiatric disorders, are often inaccurately portrayed in the media. Films, television programs, books, magazines, and news programs often stereotype the mentally ill as being violent or unpredictable, unlike the great majority of the actual mentally ill. As a result, some of the public stigmatize the mentally ill^[1] and believe that the mentally ill should be shunned, locked away in mental institutions, heavily medicated, or a combination of the three. However, not only are most of those with psychiatric disorders able to function adequately in society, but many are able to work successfully and make substantial contributions to society.^[2]

News[edit]

In 2012, India Knight wrote a column in The Sunday Times of London about depression. In response, Alastair Campbell, a columnist at The Huffington Post Enolsoft pdf creator 4 4 0 4. , described his distress at her writing that 'everybody gets depressed' and that 'there is no stigma in depression'.

Campbell discussed the inappropriateness of India Knight's word choices. In writing that everyone gets depressed, he commented, she showed that she was part of that world that does not believe that clinical depression is a disease. Campbell claimed that Knight's article reinforced the reality that there is still stigma and taboo surrounding depression. He noted that even in the medical profession, people are afraid to mention to their employers that they have depression, because they would not be fully understood as they would be if they suffered from a 'physical illness'. Campbell wrote of the struggle to bring understanding to mental illness, and described Knight's article as 'unhelpful, potentially damaging and certainly show[ing that] we still have quite a way to go.'^[3]

People with schizophrenia are often portrayed as dangerous, violent, and as criminals despite the fact that the vast majority of them are not.^[4]

Movies[edit]

• Sideways gives an accurate depiction of depression. One of the movie's main characters, Miles Raymond, is shown to exhibit several signs of depression, some of which include using substances (alcohol) in an attempt to cope with the failures and losses in his life, not having hope for his future, and having a consistently depressed mood.^[5]
• Julien Donkey Boy gives an accurate depiction of schizophrenia. The movie features a man named Julien who exhibits several signs of schizophrenia. One of said signs includes having conversations with people who, in reality, are not actually there.^[6]

Television[edit]

Throughout the world of television mental illnesses have been showcased throughout the years within many programs; for example, the hit television show on the A&E network Hoarders, starts off with showcasing one or two individuals on their Obsessive compulsive disorder. Each individual would work with a psychologist or psychiatrist, professional organizer, or an 'extreme cleaning specialist' which are individuals who specialize in treatment for this exact compulsive disorder. Mental illness and treatments using the media as a platform stated in 'Issues of Mental Health (p.593) 'The role of documentary shows like Hoarders in the change of classification is unclear. However, some believe the rise in awareness caused by them was a significant contributing factor.^[7]> The article also stated that with the rise of 'Hoarder' becoming a 'buzzword' it began to command significant amount of professional attention.

Intervention, another program on the A&E network, also focuses on mental illness but, in this program it introduces the aspect of substance abuse. This program, like Hoarders follows the story on either one or two individuals who suffer from substance dependence and we are then taken into their day-to-day lives living with this dependence. Later the individual with the addiction is then given an ultimatum in which they decide the future of their well-being. For example, they would either go to rehabilitation or risk losing family, friends, shelter and in most cases financial assistance. The documentary style television program also brought in celebrity subjects to draw more attention to how important and powerful an intervention can affect anyone. What this show educates the viewers about was the intervention process - being introduced to the intervention process and the way to properly handle an individual with addiction. This television program also eased the stigma on therapy; but more specifically the stigma on the effectiveness of interventions.

Children's Television[edit]

Children's television programs contain references to mental illnesses. A study conducted on a variety of New Zealand Children's television shows showed that a mental illness reference appeared in 59 out of 128 episodes studied. 159 mental illness references where contained in the 59 episodes. The 159 references consisted of vocabulary and character descriptions. The terms 'mad', 'crazy', and 'losing your mind' were above the three most common vocabulary references. Character descriptions consisted of disfigured facial features (teeth, noses, etc.) as well as disfigured extremities (feet, fingers, etc.).^[8]

Social media[edit]

Mental illness is often discussed on social media and several studies have noted a link between it and severe psychiatric disorders.^[9][10] Studies such as one in 1998 led by Robert E. Kraut indicated that Internet can have an impact on a person's daily life and that increased amounts of time online can have a detrimental impact on interpersonal relationships and social interactions, which can in turn lead to increased depression and alienation.^[9] Gg audio blue3 1 1 0 download free.

Today, social media platforms such as Twitter or Instagram have increased the amount of personal interaction with other users. There is current research that explores the role social media has in assisting people find resources and networks to support one's mental health.^[11] The interconnectivity between users through social media has encouraged many to seek help with professionals while also reducing the stigma surrounding mental illnesses. Though these claims are still being researched, there is a notable rise in communication within social media as a whole.

The Scottish Health Survey ^[12] conducted a study monitoring screen time and mental health in individuals. The research concluded that adults ages 16–99 who watch TV more than three hours a day were more likely to have poor mental health. 3 hours or more of television or screen time in children lead to a downward trend in mental health positivity. The study concluded that there is a correlation between screen time and a decline in mental health.

Statistics[edit]

The following list of statistics was obtained from studies done in the United Kingdom.^[13]

• Between the 1980s and 2000s the rate of mental illnesses in children doubled.
• 1 in 10 people between the ages of 5 and 16 suffer from some form of diagnosable mental illness.
• Between 1 in 12 and 1 in 15 children are estimated to purposely self-harm.
• Over the past decade the number of young persons hospitalized due to self-inflicted injuries has risen 68%.
• Over 50% of adults with some form of mental illness were diagnosed as a child, and less than half of these people were treated properly at the time.
• Nearly 80,000 minors suffer from severe depression; over 8,000 of them are under the age of 10.
• 72% of kids have some type of emotional or behavioral problem.
• 95% of minors who are imprisoned have at least one mental disorder; many of them are suffering from more than one.
• The number of people between the ages of 15 and 16 with depression nearly doubled between the 1980s and 2000s.
• The proportion of minors with conduct disorder who were between the ages of 15 and 16 more than doubled between the years of 1974 and 1999.
• 9.6% of people aged between 5 and 16 years have at least one form of mental illness.
• 5.8% of those between 5 and 16 years have some form of conduct disorder.
• 3.3% of those between the ages of 5 and 16 have a type of anxiety disorder.
• 1.5% of those aged between 5 and 16 years have a severe form of ADHD.
• 0.9% of all people aged between 5 and 16 years have a form of severe depression.
• About 46.4% of adults will have experienced a mental illness during their lifetime within the United States.^[14]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Corrigan PW, Watson AC (2002). 'The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness'. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 9 (9): 35–53. doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35.
2. ^'Franks Fund for Research on Stigma'. Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Archived from the original on 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
3. ^Campbell A (2012-10-09). 'Media Portrayal of Depression: We've Still Got a Long Way to Go'. Huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
4. ^Hand LJ. The portrayal of schizophrenia in television: An experiment assessing how viewers attitudes are affected (Master of Arts in Journalism and Media Studies). University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
5. ^'Depression'. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
6. ^'Schizophrenia'. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
7. ^Marchand S, Phillips McEnany G (September 2012). 'Hoarding's place in the DSM-5: another symptom, or a newly listed disorder?'. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 33 (9): 591–7. doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.704134. PMID22957952. S2CID34846530.
8. ^Wilson C, Nairn R, Coverdale J, Panapa A (May 2000). 'How mental illness is portrayed in children's television. A prospective study'. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 176: 440–3. doi:10.1192/bjp.176.5.440. PMID10912219.
9. ^ ^abPantic I (October 2014). 'Online social networking and mental health'. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. 17 (10): 652–7. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0070. PMC4183915. PMID25192305.
10. ^Ma Z (2017). 'How the media cover mental illnesses: a review'. Health Education. 117 (1): 90–109. doi:10.1108/HE-01-2016-0004.
11. ^Shepherd A, Sanders C, Doyle M, Shaw J (February 2015). 'Using social media for support and feedback by mental health service users: thematic analysis of a twitter conversation'. BMC Psychiatry. 15 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0408-y. PMC4337200. PMID25881089.
12. ^Deary, Ian J; Whalley, Lawrence J; Lemmon, Helen; Crawford, J. R; Starr, John M (2000-02-01). 'The Stability of Individual Differences in Mental Ability from Childhood to Old Age: Follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey'. Intelligence. 28 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00031-8. ISSN0160-2896.
13. ^'Mental Health Statistics'. YoungMinds.
14. ^'5 Surprising Mental Health Statistics'. Mental Health First Aid. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2019-10-27.

Abstract

Introduction: Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to risky behaviors, such as the use of psychoactive substances (alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs), which can lead to other disorders throughout life. As substance use has risen over the years, the integration of new perspectives into the culture of prevention and care in youth and the general population is important. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between dispositional mindfulness, spirituality and religion, and their role as protective factors of the psychoactive substance use in adolescents, analyzing additionally the differences in mindfulness and spirituality scores between substance and non-substance users, and between the different religious/spiritual groups.

Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which 433 adolescent high school students between the ages of 14 and 19 were evaluated (Mean = 16.27 ± .91). Statistical correlation tests were performed to assess the relationship between variables, in addition to Student t-test and one-way ANOVA to explore differences in mindfulness and spirituality scores of substance and non-substance users, and between religious/spiritual groups, respectively. Finally, by means of a binary logistic regression analysis, the degree of prediction of psychoactive substance use was evaluated.

Results: The sample reported higher consumption of psychoactive substances compared to the last national survey. Dispositional mindfulness was positively correlated with spirituality and religion, and inversely correlated with substance use, with mild to moderate strength. Additionally, individuals who used psychoactive substances had significantly lower mindfulness scores than those who had never used it at all, but no differences were found regarding spirituality scores. The scores in mindfulness and spirituality were significantly higher in those who formally belonged to a religion. Finally, belonging to a religion, followed by dispositional mindfulness were the best predictor variables as a protection factor for alcohol and drug consumption, while spirituality was not a variable that significantly contributed to the models and was therefore eliminated.

Discussion orConclusion Mac software subscription. : Dispositional mindfulness, spirituality, and religion are interrelated variables. Belonging to religion and dispositional mindfulness may be a better protective factor against substance use in adolescents than spirituality. Dispositional mindfulness was also greater in those who formally belonged to a religion. Finally, the psychoactive substance use could alter mindfulness-related abilities, but more research is needed to complement and clarify these results in the Mexican population.

Keywords

References

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Nova Scientia is a multidisciplinary, electronic publication that publishes twice a year in the months of May and November; it is published by the Universidad De La Salle Bajío and aims to distribute unpublished and original papers from the different scientific disciplines written by national and international researchers and academics. It does not publish reviews, bibliographical revisions, or professional applications.

Nova Scientia, year 12, issue 24, May – October 2020, is a biannual journal printed by the Universidad De La Salle Bajío, with its address: Av. Universidad 602, Col. Lomas del Campestre, C. P. 37150, León, Gto. México. Phone: (52) 477 214 3900, http://novascientia.delasalle.edu.mx/. Chief editor: Ph.D. Ramiro Rico Martínez. ISSN 2007 - 0705. Copyright for exclusive use No. 04-2008-092518225500/102, Diffusion rights via computer net 04 - 2008 – 121011584800-203 both granted by the Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor.

Editor responsible for updating this issue: Direction of Research Department of the Universidad De La Salle Bajío, last updated on May 15^th, 2020.